Functional Outcomes of Reconstruction for Soft Tissue Sarcomas of the Foot and Ankle

Objective: We present the functional outcome of six cases of soft tissue sarcomas of the foot and ankle area treated with limb-sparing surgery and soft tissue reconstruction. Materials and Methods: Six patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the foot and ankle who were treated with limbsparing surgery and soft tissue reconstructions from 1993 to 2007 were evaluated. On recent follow-up, patients function were scored using a Functional Evaluation Scoring System. Results: There were three males and three females with an average age of 36.3 years (range, 11-56 years) at the time of surgery. The mean follow-up period was 49 months (range: 4-91 months). The average size of the soft tissue defect was 124.3 cm (range, 48-182 cm). All flaps survived. As of final evaluation, three patients are alive without evidence of disease, two patients are alive with evidence of disease and one patient died of disease. The average Enneking Functional Score for the six patients was 92.8%. Conclusion: Limb-sparing surgery and soft tissue reconstruction for foot and ankle sarcomas can provide good functional outcomes and will continue to play an important role in the management of these tumors.

oft tissue sarcomas of the foot and ankle continue to pose a limb and life-threatening disease.In the past, amputation was the resulting outcome when sarcomas of the limb were diagnosed.Advances in reconstructive and limbsparing surgical techniques have given patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity another option of treatment besides amputation.
The treatment combination of wide resection, adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy and reconstructive surgery has been reported to not increase the incidence of local recurrence, metastasis, or mortality. 1,2,3e foot and ankle is a common location where there is usually a soft tissue defect after sarcoma resection.This is an area difficult to reconstruct because of its unique anatomy and paucity of soft tissues. 4Various soft tissue reconstructions are described to cover foot and ankle defects either due to trauma or tumor resection. 5-7,8,9,     Tumor location, size of defect, reconstructive procedures, histological diagnosis and functional outcome were all critically evaluated.Each patient was contacted for follow-up and was evaluated using The Functional Evaluation of Reconstructive Procedures after Surgical Treatment of Tumors of the Musculoskeletal System for the upper and lower extremity.(Table 1) 11 Specific numerical values of 0 to 5 were assigned for each factor, based on established criteria and are equated with certain levels of achievement or performance.Each score was presented as a percentage of the total.

The Functional Evaluation of Reconstructive Procedures: Definition of Terms
Pain: The value for pain is determined by the amount and effect of pain on functional activities.Required information is the medication used by the patient for pain relief.

Function:
The value for function is determined by the restriction in activities.The required data are the pretreatment occupation and the degree of occupational disability.
Emotional Acceptance: The value for emotional acceptance is determined by the patients' emotional reaction to or perception of the functional result.

Patient
No.

Sex
Tumor

92.8%
Figure 1 Case no. 2. This is a late post-operative view of a 56 year-old male after wide resection of a liposarcoma of the ankle region at 19 months after rectus abdominis free muscle flap.The flap remained stable.The patient underwent chemotherapy for pulmonary nodules with a decrease in the number of nodules.

Support:
The value for support is determined by the use of external support to compensate for weakness and instability as they affect standing or walking.The required data are the type of support and the frequency of use.
Walking Ability: The value for walking ability is determined by the limitations on walking imposed by the procedure.The required data are the walking distance and limitations in type (inside/outside, uphill, stairs, etc.).

Gait:
The value for gait is determined by the presence or absence of gait alterations and its effect on restrictions or function.The required data are the type of gait abnormality and resultant restrictions or deformity.

Results
From 2001 -2007, we had a total of six patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the foot and ankle area requiring soft tissue reconstruction after tumor resection.

© The Foot and Ankle Online Journal, 2009
All six patients were treated with wide resection, soft tissue reconstruction and adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy.There were three males and three females.The mean age was 36.3 years at the time of the surgery (range, 11 -56 years).The mean followup period was 49 months (range, 4 -91 months).All soft tissue reconstructions were done at the time of tumor resection.We had one free flap, four reverse pedicle flaps and one cross leg flap.All flaps survived.The cross leg flap was released after two weeks and was uneventful.All patients are now ambulating independently.The mean time from surgery to independent ambulation was 12.5 weeks (range, 2 -24 weeks).
Pertinent data for each patient is summarized in Table 2.
Three patients (patient no. 1, 4 and 6) had previous resections.As of latest follow-up, five patients are alive.Three are alive without evidence of disease, two are alive with evidence of disease, and one died from disease.There were no local recurrences in five patients.Two patients (no. 1 and 2) developed pulmonary nodules after tumor resection.Both are alive with evidence of disease and recieved chemotherapy with a decrease in the number of pulmonary nodules for both.Another patient (no. 3) had a recurrence on the same extremity where another wide resection was done and a soleus flap was used to cover the defect on the anterior leg.The patient died of disease at 60 months after sural flap.

Case #2
A 56 year-old male presented with an enlarging mass at the lateral aspect of the left heel.He was initially diagnosed to have gouty arthritis.Biopsy showed a high-grade liposarcoma.A wide resection was done and a free rectus abdominis flap was used to cover the soft tissue loss.Three months after the resection and reconstruction, computed tomography (CT) of the chest showed multiple metastatic lesions to the lungs.Patient underwent chemotherapy.The Enneking Functional Score was 29/30.Figure 1 illustrates the late post-operative view at 19 months.(Fig. 1)

Case #4
A 40 year-old female presented with a recurring mass over the medial, posterior and lateral aspect of the non weight-bearing heel.The mass had been resected previously on both the lateral and medial aspects of the ankle by a previous surgeon.Review of slides and repeat biopsy revealed a fibrosarcoma.Wide excision was done.The final defect was 12 cm x 13 cm (Fig 2A ).A reverse sural artery flap was used to cover the defect.Post-operative radiotherapy was uneventful.Independent ambulation was started at 16 weeks.Enneking Functional Score was 27/30.Result at 24 months post-op.(Fig. 2B) A 43 year-old female with a fungating mass on the medial aspect of the left ankle was diagnosed to have synovial sarcoma on biopsy (Fig. 3A).After a wide resection, a 12 x 15 cm soft tissue defect was made.(Fig. 3B) The defect was covered with reverse sural flap with medial tibio-talar ligament reconstruction using a plantaris tendon graft.At 17 months followup, there was no recurrence of the mass.(Fig. 3C)

Discussion
We reviewed six cases of soft tissue sarcoma of the foot and ankle, treated by limb-sparing surgery and soft tissue reconstruction.The standard of treatment for soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity is limbsparing surgery, soft tissue reconstruction, and chemotherapy or radiotherapy.Few studies on soft tissue reconstruction for foot and ankle soft tissue sarcoma have been reported. 7,9,12Likewise, few studies have evaluated their results with an established functional measurement outcome scale. 12In this small series of four patients with foot and ankle sarcoma treated with limb-sparing surgery and soft tissue reconstruction, we presented the functional outcome of these patients using a standardized outcome measurement scale.Distant flaps are more often required to overcome these limitations. 4Langstein, et al., 7 reported that free flaps help facilitate limb salvage and that they help preserve meaningful limb function in patients who undergo resection of soft tissue malignancies of the foot.It is possible that the choice of flap is quite different between defects from tumor excision and from traumatic defects.This is because in the event that there would be a local recurrence, reverse pedicled flaps would have increased the contamination of the extremity.
In the case of a reverse sural artery flap, the next surgery that the patient will undergo would probably a below knee amputation in order to have a wider margin of resection.

B
This is one of the reasons why free flaps have become popular choices for foot and ankle coverage after tumor resection. 7,12Reverse sural artery flaps are extremely useful and do not need microsurgical anastomosis of vessels.Among the disadvantages of this flap is donor site morbidity, paresthesias on the lateral aspect of the foot, painful neuromas if the sural nerve stump is not buried properly and in some cases, bulkiness of the flap.On the other hand, the sural flap is easier to harvest, has a shorter operative time and can cover a relatively mid-sized defect.
These studies, however, used only independent ambulation as a measure of the functional outcome of their reconstructions.Serletti, et al., 12 evaluated their results with a standard outcome measure.
The present study made use of a standardized functional outcome measurement scale to evaluate reconstructive procedures done on the foot and ankle area after tumor resection.Although the overall scores of our patients are high, the only complaint was the deformity due to early physeal closure and the skin graft donor site of the reconstructive procedure.Serletti, et al., 12 had a similar Functional Outcome Measurement scale and found no difference between pedicled and free flaps in soft tissue reconstruction after tumor excision.However, they tend to favor free flaps to avoid further dissection of the recipient site, and to add vascularity on the already compromised recipient bed.
In summary, successful tumor excision with subsequent reconstructive surgery of foot and ankle sarcomas continues to challenge both the tumor and the reconstructive surgeon.
Careful planning of reconstructive options from the most simple to the more complex should be within the armamentarium of the reconstructive surgeons expertise.We believe that the simplest reconstructive method is still the best technique that will likely produce the best outcome.There will always be instances where a more complex reconstruction will be needed, and with the advances in microsurgery, we are now able to reconstruct larger defects and able to restore function after tumor ablation.By using a standardized functional outcomes assessment for evaluation, we can now redefine our reconstructive options that will best suit our patients in order to produce the best possible results.

Figures
Figures 2A and 2B Case no.4.A 40 year-old female presented with a recurring mass over the ankle area.After wide excision, the final defect was 12 x 13 cm.Histopathology showed a fibrosarcoma.(A) The sural flap at 48 months after coverage.The flap remained stable.(B)

Figures
Figures 3A, 3B and 3C Case no. 5.A 43 year-old female presented with a fungating mass on the medial aspect of the right ankle.Biopsy showed a synovial sarcoma.(A) After a wide resection, the medial tibiotalar ligament was excised together with the mass and a defect of 12 x 15 cm was evident.The ligament was reconstructed using a plantaris tendon free graft (black arrow).(B) The reverse flap remained stable at 18 months and there was no recurrence of the tumor.(C)

The Foot and Ankle Online Journal, 2009 Patient and Methods
The Revised Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Rating Scale.(Upper extremity-top, Lower extremity-bottom) ©

Table 2
Pertinent data on the six patients.